Political change in the third world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Political change in the third world - Essay Example In spite of all such allegations previous BJP lead coalition government had elected A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the President of India irrespective of religion and race. Both print and electronic media is very active and they have full freedom of expression in India. They never miss any chance to criticize the communal thoughts of political institutions. In conclusion, the citizens of India support heavily the 'secularism' element of the Constitution which always guides India's political institutions to be secular. Answer: National Liberation Front ruled Algeria for three decades after independence from France in 1962. During this period under President Houari Boumedienne Algeria accomplished some positive economic development due to strategic economic planning by the state controlled centralized public sector and economic institutions. After 1979, the disadvantage of development strategy started appearing, including corruption in administration, continuous inflation, inequality of income, poor performance in agricultural sector, food scarcity and imbalance in economic structure. As a result the nation faced civil unrest by Islamist militants and worst economic crises. In this situation the stubborn government and their failed development strategy give rise to the strong Islamist movement. Chadli Benjedid, the successor of Boumedienne after his death made the political and economic situation even more badly. Political conservatism and unfavorable attitude of workers and managers of public sect ors halted the economic reforms. In October 1988, major youth riots led to the worst political crises ever. As a result due to Islamist movement Islamic Salvation Front became stronger and politically active in Algeria. 3. What was the Biafra War and why did it break out Answer: The Nigerian Federation was divided into three major ethnic groups: the Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa/Fulani. European used these three major ethnic groups to divide Africa among themselves. As a result of tension caused by other groups the Ibos and other minority ethnic groups which were collectively known as the Biafrans demanded independence from Nigerian Federation. To control oil reserves and access to the Atlantic Ocean in the southern Niger Delta the Hausa/Fulani refused to grant independence to the Biafrans which made the situation more worse. Junior Ibo officers had overthrown Tafawa Balewa's government in January 1966, after the military coup. The ministers that survived after the coup appointed Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Ibo, the head of government. As a result the Biafra War broke out with anti-Ibo riots by the Muslims on Ibo people in the north Nigeria, which caused a massacre in September of 1967. 4. What was distinctive about the features and legacies of Japanese colonialism Answer: Japanese colonialism in North and South Korea is only one of its kinds in the world. In comparison with the colonialism of England and Ireland, the Japanese colonialism is appreciated because of its program of colonial industrialization. In 1945, about 25% of Japanese industrial plants were based in Korea. Japan had established heavy industrial plants, network of railroads, system of hydro-electric dams and ports around the Yalu River. Japanese also formed a strong central government to

My Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

My Leadership Style Essay According to the leadership assessment, I am more of task-oriented leader than a people-oriented leader, though I scored high in both areas, therefore I have a healthy balance of both which is important for a leader in any company. My leadership style allows me to get my work completed in an organized fashion, while being open to other ideas; I can focus on the small projects while continuing to see the big picture or vision. Because I score higher on the task-oriented side, I can be more autocratic in my thinking. This will limit my ability to show my apathy for my staff and employees Furthermore, I am also a transformational and charismatic leader. I am most effective in smaller organizations that have direct interactions with my staff. According to Robbins, this helps to make me effective as a leader, which will give a company â€Å"low turnover, higher productivity, lower employee stress, and burnout, and higher employee satisfaction.† Furthermore, Robbins shared that this leadership style is not effective with those who are â€Å"highly individualistic and do not readily cede decision-making authority.† Since I am able to communicate with my staff the expectations, visions ad engage my staff, I also have a Charismatic leadership style. I continuously focus on the end goal, big picture and tie that big picture to the work of my staff, making it attainable to my staff. One of the major downsides to charismatic leadership is that it can be situational, according to Robbins. Role in Company The role I would like to pursue within the company is that of a managerial supervisor. According to Robbins, organizations need strong leadership and  strong management for optimal effectiveness. I feel that because I have leadership and managerial traits and characteristics, I would be a great candidate for that particular role. In a managerial supervisory role, I am a direct leader. I work directly with my staff on a one-on-one basis and in a team format; I will have more influence directly on my staff. As the managerial supervisor, I am able to support, recognize, develop, plan, and coach/mentor my staff while monitoring, setting goals, and overseeing day to day operations. This is evident because of my healthy balance of task and people orientation. Leadership theories applicable to my leadership approach The Big Five Trait Leadership Theory is applicable to my leadership approach because research has shown that the big five personality factors are strong indicators for job success and performance. I scored high in the areas of extroversion and conscientiousness. The positive factors about scoring high on conscientiousness’s is that overall, those with high marks in this area have better job performance and those are more reliable, thorough, organized, angle to plan, and persistent according to the assessment. These traits are consisted with those of task-oriented leaders. However, the Leadership Substitute Theory would be counter indicated for the areas of subordinate, task, and group/organizational characteristics. This is because my staff could need little direction from me as their supervisor if they have extensive experience. Also, when staff repeats their task over and over, they become proficient and don’t need feedback, but are building their own motivation. As a task-oriented, transformational, and charismatic leader, I would struggle more with staff who are more independent or did not work well in the group. I like to give freedom to my staff, but my style makes it necessary to know what is going on in the jobs at all times. Conclusion My leadership style is transformational, charismatic with my main focus on task-oriented management. I work hard to inspire my staff, while also meeting deadlines. I focus better when I’m working with a team rather than individuals who do their own thing. Research has shown that my leadership style is an asset to many companies if utilized in the right way. This is why I would like a position that allows me to shine, take the lead of a team, while focusing on the companies â€Å"big picture.† References Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Yuki, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7th Ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Congestive Cardiac Failure: Causes and Effects

Congestive Cardiac Failure: Causes and Effects Analyse Health Information – Case study The scenario relates to Mr Alby Wright who has been admitted into your ward. His patient history and admission form is available for you to review. Mr Wright’s admission states that he has heart failure (congestive cardiac failure). Clearly define heart failure. What organs and which body systems are affected by this disorder? Congestive heart failure is a condition where the heart muscle becomes less strong and is unable to pump as well as it usually would. The ventricles which most important pumping chambers become bigger or thicker and aren’t able to squeeze or relax as well as they should be able to. This makes it easy for fluid retention to occur especially in the legs, abdomen and lungs (better health channel. 2013). This is all usually caused by diabetes, coronary heart disease, previous heart attack, high blood pressure and or other conditions that have damaged the heart and made it weak. Sometimes the fluid that gets in the lungs and it makes it uneasy to breathe and causes shortness of breath when the person is lying down on their back. This is called pulmonary oedema and can cause other respiratory issues if it not treated (American heart association. 2012). Generally if someone was to have heart failure, it would occur on the left side first mostly but can occur in both sides. If someone is experiencing left side heart failure, the left ventricle doesn’t fully empty and is unable to distribute enough oxygen rich blood around the body which causes heightened pressure in the upper chambers of the heart and the veins that are close to the area which is called systolic failure. Because of the build-up of blood in there, it can cause oedema in the legs, lungs and abdominal organs. The kidneys are affected by this hinders the way that they work and it leads to salt and water retention which causes further oedema. In some cases of heart failure, instead of not being able to pump blood around properly out of the left ventricle there is also unsuccessful relaxation of the left ventricle because the muscle has gone stiff which leads to blood pooling (better health channel. 2013) and also that the heart isn’t able to fully fill with blood during the resting period between each heartbeat (American heart association. 2012). Right sided heart failure usually happens because of left sided failure. When the left ventricle has failed, more fluid pressure is then transferred back through the lungs which damages the right side of the heart. When the right side of the heart loses the strength to properly pump, blood builds up in the veins and that causes swelling in the legs and ankles. The cardiovascular system is affected the most by congestive heart failure. The heart has been weakened and is unable to pump blood efficiently and doesn’t function properly in general and the muscle is also weakened. The respiratory system is affected because of the fluid in the lungs which is also known as pulmonary oedema. This can affect your breathing and leave you short of breath. Fluid may also build up in the liver resulting in an impaired capability to get rid of the body’s toxins and to produce the proteins that the body needs to live. The intestines can become not as good at absorbing nutrients and medicines as that would have when they were healthy (providence health network. 2014) Give a brief overview of the normal function of the body systems affected by this disorder. Cardiovascular system is most affected by this disorder. The functions of this system are to basically keep the blood running and pumping through by the arteries, veins, and capillaries (cliffs notes. 2013). The blood carries important nutrients around the body and helps to remove metabolic waste. The heart, blood vessels and blood help to regulate body temperature by controlling the blood flow to the surface of the skin. The white blood cells help to protect the body from foreign toxins and pathogens. Platelets help to clot blood so that you won’t have excessive blood loss and stop bleeding (cliffsnotes. 2013). Respiratory system function is so you can breathe and supply oxygen to your whole body (how stuff works. 2014). This works by breathing; inhaling oxygen filled air and exhaling carbon dioxide air. First you breathe in air through your nose and mouth and it travels down the windpipe and through the bronchial tubes then into the lungs. The diaphragm and abdominal muscles and make the lungs contract and expand so that you are able to breathe in and out. The bronchial tubes connect to blood vessels which carry blood through your body and exchange gases. The digestive system absorbs and moves the nutrients around the body that it needs to work well and gets rid of what the body doesn’t need as waste. First there is ingestion which is when eaten and then makes its way down into the stomach to be stored and waits for digestion. It then moves into the small intestines where the enzymes and bile work to break down the food where the body can absorb more nutrients that it needs and it continues on its way to the large intestine where it absorbs more fluid to make the solid faeces and moves through and gets excreted as waste (how stuff works. 2014). The liver aids in breaking up fats, absorbing them and digesting them. Urinary system works along with other parts of the body such as skin, lung and intestines to keep up the stability of chemicals and water in the body (live science. 2013).This system’s role is to filter and excrete. Kidneys work at reducing blood pressure by reducing the blood volume. The body filters blood to create urine which goes into the bladder and the bladder fills up until it is full and ready to excrete waste that the body does not need which is urination (live science. 2013). 3. Define the signs and symptoms of heart failure, and explain why these signs and symptoms occur. Breathlessness or shortness of breath is a symptom because when the heart starts failing, the blood in the veins gets backed up in the pulmonary veins because it cannot cope with the supply while trying to carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. At this point, the fluid is starting to pool in the lungs which hinders regular breathing. A person suffering heart failure may suffer with breathlessness upon exertion including exercise or other activities. As the condition progresses, breathlessness or shortness of breath may even be present while at rest or even sleeping which may cause the person to wake up (USCF medical center. 2014). Fatigue occurs when heart failure develops and worsens; the heart cannot pump the adequate volume of blood that is needed to meet all of the body’s needs. To make up for this, the blood is taken away from less vital such as the limbs to supply the heart and brain. Because of this, people suffering with heart failure usually feel tired, w eak and have difficulty doing normal tasks such as walking, going up stairs, or even carrying items. (USCFmedicalcenter.2014). Someone suffering shortness of breath as a symptom of heart failure will also experience fatigue if they are being woken up with breathing difficulties while they are sleeping. Chronic coughing and wheezing is a symptom because of the fluid backup in the lungs which may cause a thick, whitish mucus like substance called phlegm to be coughed up from the lungs which may even be tinged pink from traces of blood (USCFmedicalcenter.2014). Rapid or irregular heartbeat is a symptom because it may speed up to make up for its inability to pump blood around the body properly. People suffering this in heart failure may experience a fluttering sensation of heart palpitations, or a heartbeat that they are aware of and seems irregular or out of the normal rhythm. It may feel like the heart is racing or pounding hard (USCF medical center. 2014). Lack of appetite/ nausea be cause the digestive system isn’t as vital as the heart or brain so the blood has been pulled away from the digestive systems to these areas instead which means there will be problems with digestion including the feeling of fullness or sickness even though they have not eaten anything (USCF medical center. 2014). Confusion/ impaired thinking because unusual sodium levels in the blood and lessened blood flow to the brain can cause bafflement or memory loss even know the person suffering with this may not even realise, and someone else may pick up on this sign before they do (USCF medical center. 2014). Oedema or swelling due to restricted blood flow to the kidneys which means that they produce hormones which lead to the retention of salt and water. This causes swelling of (most often) in the legs, ankles, and feet. Oedema may also cause weight gain (USCF medical center. 2014). Rapid weight gain can occur as a result of oedema and the fluid retention (USCF medical center. 2014). Heart grows in size because it wants to make its pumping power greater so the muscle mass in the heart gets bigger to make this happen. The chambers inside of the heart also grow larger and stretch so that they can fit more blood in. While the heart grows in size, the cells that control its contractions also grow with it. An enlarged heart does not function as well as a normal sized one and the added muscle mass puts stress on the whole cardiovascular system (USCF medical center. 2014). The heart pumps faster as it tries to circulate more blood around the body. If the heart pumps blood too fast for a long period of time, it can damage the heart muscle and hinder its regular electrical signals, which can cause an unsafe heart rhythm disorder (USCF medical center. 2014). Blood vessels narrow because less blood is flowing through the veins and arteries and that means blood pressure can drop to seriously low levels. Because of this, the blood vessels narrow which keeps the blood pressure higher while the hearts power decreases. Narrowing of the blood vessels also limits the amount of blood that can flow through which may contribute to other conditions such as heart disease, clogged or blocked vessels in the legs or other body parts, or stroke (USCF medical center. 2014). Blood flow is diverted away from less vital areas such as the limbs when there is not enough of it to meet the body’s needs and gets given to more crucial organs such as the heart and brain which are the most important for survival. This can cause limb weakness due to lack of blood in the areas. The areas where the blood is diverted from may deteriorate over time from a lack of oxygen (USCF medical center. 2014). Increased urination at night because if the patient suffering heart failure lays down all day, the fluid that has been accumulating in their legs all day may move back up into the blood stream and gets taken to the kidneys and is excreted as urine (heart failure matters. 2014). Low blood pressure because the hearts power has decreased and the veins have narrowed. Chest pain if your heart failure is due to a heart attack. List the information taken on his admission that demonstrates these signs and symptoms. Cyanotic Appetite loss Confusion and anxiety Low blood pressure Temperature below 35.8 degrees Sa02: 87% on air Respirations: 32 Low blood pressure Constipation Do you think his diabetes is related to his leg ulcer and amputated left toe? Explain. Yes. High blood sugar levels in diabetic patients damage nerves and blood vessels which results in poor circulation to the feet and may cause ulcers, infection, and amputation. This is more likely to happen if the patient has had diabetes for a long amount of time, they smoke, they don’t move around much, or their blood glucose levels have been high for an extended period of time (diabetes Australia. 2014). One of the medications he is taking is Lasix. What is the action of Lasix? Which body systems are affected by it? Explain why you think Mr Wright is ordered Lasix. Lasix is a diuretic. It increases the amount of urine that is made in the kidneys and excreted as waste (c health. 2014). It is also used to regulate and control slight to moderate high blood pressure. It affects the urinary system because it involves the kidneys and the cardiovascular system because it involves the heart. I think that Mr. Wright is ordered Lasix to get rid of the excess fluid that would be built up in his body and to lessen the oedema. List three conditions in Mr Wright’s relevant medical history that are commonly associated with ageing. Glaucoma Type 2 diabetes Arthritis Using Mr Wrights admission history and assessment, list the factors that may impact on his safety whilst in hospital and when he returns home. Hypotensive- low blood pressure He needs a walking stick because he is unsteady on his feet He gets anxious, especially about his dog. This can sometimes cause an asthma attack. He gets confused His vision is impaired and gets blurry after he has eye drops and he also needs reading glasses. What other health professionals will be involved in his care and what services can they provide for Mr Wright. Paramedics will care for Mr Wright in the ambulance and pass him over to emergency. Mr Wright needs a doctor to in emergency to diagnose him. General Nurses will be involved to provide care for him and to care for his wounds. A diabetes educator can be involved to help him to understand the needs of his condition and set up an action plan and give him support. A dietician can also help with this condition and set up meal and nutrition plans etc. Exercise physiologist assists patients to have a physical lifestyle to prevent and manage chronic conditions. A pharmacist will dispense his prescriptions so he can have medications and to give information on them. He may be able to talk to a psychologist to improve his anxieties, especially about his dog (better health. 2013). List the nursing documentation you would expect to be used in the care of Mr Wright. Progress notes Medication chart Vital signs chart Nursing history and assessment Care plan Asthma action plan FBC- fluid balance chart Wound monitoring chart Falls risk assessment (tafesa. 2014) UCSF medical center. 2014. heart failure signs and symptoms. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/heart_failure/signs_and_symptoms.html. [Accessed 04 April 14]. heart failure matters. 2014. need to urinate at night. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.heartfailurematters.org/en_GB/Understanding-heart-failure/Need-to-urinate-at-night. [Accessed 08 April 14]. better health channel. 2013. congestive heart failure. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Congestive_heart_failure_%28CHF%29. [Accessed 08 April 14]. American heart association. 2012. types of heart failure. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/AboutHeartFailure/Types-of-Heart-Failure_UCM_306323_Article.jsp. [Accessed 08 April 14]. c health. 2014. drug factsheets. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chealth.canoe.ca/drug_info_details.asp?brand_name_id=210#Indication. [Accessed 09 April 14]. providence healthcare network. 2014. congestive heart failure. [ONLINE] Available at: http://providence.net/facilities/heart-failure.html. [Accessed 09 April 14]. pt direct. 2014. major functions of the cardiovascular system. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/cardiovascular-system/major-functions-of-the-cardiovascular-system-2013-a-closer-look. [Accessed 09 April 14]. diabetes australia. 2014. diabetes and your feet. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/Living-with-Diabetes/MindBody/DiabetesYour-Feet/. [Accessed 09 April 14]. TafeSA, 2014. Acute Care Flow Charts. In: Flow Charts. s.l.:Government of South Australia. better health . 2013. allied health. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Allied_health. [Accessed 10 April 14]. cliffs notes. 2013. functions of the cardiovascular system. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/anatomy-and-physiology/the-cardiovascular-system/functions-of-the-cardiovascular-system. [Accessed 10 April 14]. how stuff works. 2014. what is the function of the respiratory system?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/respiratory/function-respiratory-system.htm. [Accessed 10 April 14]. how stuff works. 2014. how the digestive system works. [ONLINE] Available at: http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/digestive/digestive-system2.htm. [Accessed 10 April 14]. live science. 2013. urinary system. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.livescience.com/27012-urinary-system.html. [Accessed 10 April 14]. Chikungunya Fever: A Review Of The Literature Chikungunya Fever: A Review Of The Literature The Newala and Masasi Districts of the Southern Province, Tanzania, reported its first dengue-like outbreak in 1952-1953, on the basis that this epidemic involved debilitating joint pains and shorter incubation period, thereby excluding dengue (Robinson 1955). The infection was called chikungunya; a word from the Makonde dialect describing patients contorted posture (Lumsden 1955). Chikungunya is an arthropod borne virus (arbovirus) of the genus: Alphavirus from Togaviridae family. It is transmitted to humans mainly by the day biting mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Townson and Nathan 2008). Moreover, Aedes aegypti eggs collected from the Tanzanian outbreak were used for the first isolation of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (Ross 1956). CHIKV contains a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome, enclosed in an icosahedral nucleocapsid, all enclosed in a phospholipid bilayer envelope. Embedded in the envelope are multiple copies of two encoded glycoproteins E1 and E2, a small glycoprotein E3, and a hydrophobic peptide 6K (Strauss and Strauss 1994). However, the roles of these glycoproteins are not elucidated, but it can be assumed that it could facilitate the attachment of the virus to host cell. History Subsequent to the Tanzanian epidemic, several outbreaks have been reported worldwide, including the Indian Ocean Islands; La Reunion (Renault et al. 2007), Mayotte (Sissoko et al. 2008), and the Maldives (Yoosuf et al. 2008). There were outbreaks whereby Chikungunya had concurrence with other infections; with Dengue (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008, Yoosuf et al. 2008) and with Plasmodium falciparum infection (Pastorino et al. 2004). Moreover, Chikungunya have been imported into several European countries; United Kingdom (HPA 2007), France (Hochedez et al. 2007), Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland (Panning et al. 2008), with Italy witnessing its first CHIKV outbreak in 2007 (Rezza et al. 2007). Aim of review The Italian outbreak has demonstrated that only one viraemic person was required to instigate an outbreak and due to increased population movement worldwide, CHIKV could extend to pandemic proportions (Rezza et al. 2007). Furthermore, the outbreaks could have been underestimated due to its concurrence with other infections. Thus, this literature review will demonstrate to the reader that the Western medicine should be planning for CHIKV outbreaks which are becoming increasingly possible due to world climate change. Clinical Features Chikungunya is a mild and self limiting infection (Rezza et al. 2007) with incubation period of 2-7 days (Robinson 1955). Patients usually presents with a number of clinical features, with fever, fatigue, joint pain, anorexia, and nausea presenting as common clinical features (Table 1). Arthalgia and myalgia mainly involves the extremities of wrists, ankles, hands, feet and phalanges, while skin rash and petechiae are manifestations of haemorrhage (Kannan et al. 2009). During the La Reunion outbreak, Gà ©raldin et al. (2008) observed vertical transmissions from mother to child, with newborns presenting with chikungunya infection without prior mosquito bites. These neonates became symptomatic between 3-7 days postpartum, with presentation of fever, pain, poor feeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with gastrointestinal and cerebral bleeding, petechiae, and distal joint oedema. Encephalitis, thrombocytopenia and haemorrhagic fever were presented as severe neonatal infec tions; however, no fatalities were reported (Gà ©rardin et al. 2008). Transmission of CHIKV CHIKV requires two types of hosts to complete its replication cycle. Firstly, Aedes mosquito species transmits the virus to animals, and act as definitive hosts. Secondly, humans and other animals become infected with the virus and act as intermediate hosts. The transmission between the natural hosts (primates, birds, rodents and others) and the definitive hosts involves the sylvatic (main) cycle (Pardigon 2009). By disrupting this cycle, humans became incidental hosts, resulting in urban transmission cycles yielding epidemics. These humans could transmit CHIKV directly to domestic mosquitoes (Gould and Higgs 2009) and indirectly to domestic animals such as fowl, pigeons and goats (Lumsden 1955). When an Aedes mosquito ingests viraemic blood meal, CHIKV replicates in the salivary glands and ovaries, sites where it can be excreted. Upon another blood meal, the mosquito injects the viraemic saliva into a susceptible host. Contrary, within the ovaries, CHIKV is transmitted to the mosqui toes eggs by vertical transmissions (Figure 1). The desiccated nature of these eggs enables it to survive longer periods in the environment, where they are hatched during the rainy season (Gould and Higgs 2009). Figure 1. The overview of CHIKVs transmissions cycle in mosquito and human (Evenor 2010). Aedes mosquito becomes infected after taking a blood meal from an infected intermediate host Upon another blood meal, the Aedes mosquito injects viraemic saliva into a susceptible host The viraemic blood travels to the gut, where CHIKV undergoes replication within the gut wall The egg later developed into a mosquito infected with CHIKV CHIKV travels to the ovaries, where it is transmitted to the mosquitos eggs by vertical transmission The intermediate host becomes viraemic with presentation of clinical features CHIKV penetrated the gut wall, where it is disseminated through the bloodstream CHIKV travels to the salivary glands, where it undergoes replication Distributions of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti Aedes aegypti was the predominant vector during earlier outbreaks in Africa (Lumsden 1955), and it has been implicated in some recent outbreaks in Africa (Gould et al. 2008) and Indonesia (Laras et al. 2005). However, Aedes albopictus have been described as the main vector implicated in a number of recent outbreaks, between 2005 to 2007 (Leroy et al. 2009, Pagà ¨s et al. 2009, Ratsitorahina et al. 2008, Renault et al. 2007, Sissoko et al. 2008). In the Gabonese outbreak involving both vectors, Vazeille et al. (2008) hypothesised that Aedes albopictus is a more suitable vector for CHIKV than Aedes aegypti, as it has a higher susceptibility for the virus. The two vectors have been recovered from several breeding sites with some overlap (Table 2). Tyres have been the main source of Aedes albopictus larval importation into Italy, in 1992, from Atlanta, USA. Consequently, the trade of these used tyres within Italy had caused large infestations of Aedes albopictus in Linguria, Veneto, Lom bardy and Eimlia-Romagna regions, by the end of 1995 (Knudsen et al. 1996). Aedes aegypti larvae predominate inside home, whereas Aedes albopictus larvae predominate outside home (Preechaporn et al. 2006). Table 2. The natural and artificial breeding sites for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae. Natural and artificial breeding sites Incidence of Aedes aegyptilarvae Incidence of Aedes albopictus larvae References Barrels X Gould et al.2008 Drums X X Gould et al.2008, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Buckets X Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Flower pots X Gould et al.2008 Discarded cans X X Preechaporn et al.2006, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Coconut shells X Preechaporn et al.2006, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Clay water jars X Gould et al.2008 Mango tree holes X Lumsden 1955 Wetlands X X Vazeille et al.2008 Discarded tyres X X Preechaporn et al.2006, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Plant pots X X Preechaporn et al.2006, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Gardens X Adhami and Reiter 1998 Discarded plastic bottles X Adhami and Reiter 1998, Preechaporn et al.2006 Wet containers X Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Banana trees X Preechaporn et al.2006 Plant axils X Preechaporn et al.2006 Animal pans X X Preechaporn et al.2006 Plastic containers X X Preechaporn et al.2006 Cement tanks X X Preechaporn et al.2006 Ant guards X Preechaporn et al.2006 Preserved areca jars X Preechaporn et al.2006 Small and large earthen jars X X Preechaporn et al.2006 Key: (X):- present, (-):- absent. Effect of climate change Outbreaks have been associated with climatic conditions such as temperatures and high rainfall. Temperatures influence the developmental rate of Aedes albopictus larvae to adult mosquitoes, with the rate optimising at temperatures between 25 to 30oC (Straetemans 2008). Thus, Tilson et al. (2009) argued that mean monthly temperatures above 20oC are required to initiate an outbreak, as illustrated by the Italian outbreak that was initiated in June and subsided in September when the monthly average temperatures were 22oC and fell below 20oC. Mean annual rainfalls over 500mm is required (Straetemans 2008) to provide suitable breeding environment for the mosquitoes to expand their population (Lumsden 1955); as a result, most outbreaks have been associated with high rainfall (Lumsden 1955, Pastorino et al. 2004, Renault et al. 2007, Sissoko et al. 2008, Yoosuf et al. 2009) as illustrated in Table 3. In 2009, the UK Met office (2010) recorded a mean annual rainfall and temperature of 1201.3 mm and 9.2oC, respectively. The rainfall is sufficient to initiate an outbreak; however, the low temperature is insufficient to support the mosquitoes life cycle. Therefore, the question is what would the impact be to the UK if the climatic condition changes to favour this mosquito? Table 3. Mean temperature and the amount of rainfall that were reported during several outbreaks. Country Duration of the outbreak Mean monthly Temperature (oC) Months mean monthly temperature were collected Amount of Rainfall (mm) Months high rainfall were recorded Reference Tanzania 1952 1953 21.8 28.5 Jun Nov 1203 Jan Dec 1952 Lumsden 1955 Bogor Aug Dec 2001 24 26.2 Jan 2000 Dec 2001 NA Laras et al.2005 Bekasi Jan 2002 26.2 29.6 Jan 2001 Dec 2002 1931 Jan Feb 2002 Laras et al.2005 Maldives 2006 2007 NA NA 970 Nov Dec 2006 Yoosuf et al.2009 Key: NA- not available Distribution of Chikungunya outbreak Mayotte (French Overseas Territory), an island of the Comoros archipelago, encountered its first CHIKV outbreak imported from Grand-Comore in mid-April 2005 (Renault et al. 2007), with 6346 reported cases (in two waves), observed by the surveillance system implemented throughout the island by the local French Health Authority, Dass (Direction des affaires sanitaires et socials) Mayotte. The first (minor) wave commenced in April 2005, it later peaked in week 18 and the infection rate diminished in June, with the virus maintaining low levels thereafter, during the temperate and dry season. However, the second (major) wave began during the first week of May 2006, peaked during the hottest and rainiest months around March/April 2006 and reduced to control levels by July 2006 (Sissoko et al. 2008). In March 2005, a chikungunya infection which started in Grande-Comorre was imported into La Reunion (French Overseas Territory), becoming its first severe reported case involving two waves of outbreak, as observed by the epidemiological surveillance system implemented by the islands local Health Authorities (Renault et al. 2007). Firstly, a (minor) wave commenced in March 2005, peaked in May 2005 and decreased at the beginning of July to approximately 100 cases where the level was maintained during the austral winter. By December 2005 the second (major) wave began; however, the capacity of the surveillance system at the time was insufficient to evaluate the number of cases, as the number of cases was increasing exponentially. This resulted in an underestimation of the number of reported cases with possible misdiagnosis with Dengue fever which circulated the island the previous year (Renault et al. 2007). By April 2006, the Regional Health and Welfare Office reported 203 deaths that w ere directly (due to low immune status) or indirectly (in associations with other underlying conditions) attributed with chikungunya infection, with a low mortality rate of 0.3/1000 people (Renault et al. 2007). The Maldives encountered its first CHIKV outbreak involving 11879 confirmed and suspected cases on 121 of the 197 inhabited islands, observed by the surveillance system implemented by the Epidemiology Unit of the Department of Public Health (DPH), from December 2006 to April 2007 (Yoosuf et al. 2008). The outbreak commenced at the beginning of December 2006, peaked in week 6 and subsided to control levels by week 11 before halting in April 2007. The epidemic was thought to be associated with post-tsunami construction activities which provided breeding sites for mosquitoes. Moreover, approximately five to six elderly patients died as result of co-morbidity and other conditions (Yoosuf et al. 2008). Figure 2: Global Distribution of chikungunya virus, 1952 to 2009. The cases represented on the map are either confirmed cases or suspected cases (Evenor 2010). References: 1 Krastinova et al. 2006, 2 Rezza et al. 2007, 3 Pastorino et al. 2004, 4 Sissoko et al. 2008, 5 Lumsden 1955, 6 Tamburro and Depertat 2009, 7 CDC 2009, 8 WHO 2008, 9 Yoosuf et al. 2009, 10 Leroy et al. 2009. Importation into Europe England In 2006, the United Kingdoms (UK) Health Protection Agencys (HPA) Special Pathogens Reference Unit (SPRU) reported 133 imported cases of chikungunya (Table 4). The majority of these tourists had travelled to the Indian Ocean islands (68), between March and August 2006, where outbreaks were circulating, with Mauritius being the main destination site involving 58 imported cases, followed by 6 in the Seychelles, and 4 in Madagascar. However, when the outbreaks were in decline, only one case was detected in December (HPA 2007). Between August and December, 44 cases were imported from India and 10 cases were imported from Sri Lanka, between November and December; countries with reported recent chikungunya outbreaks. Also imported into the UK, where one case from Nigeria, one from Tanzania, one case from Kenya, and one case from Australia. There had been no mention of chikungunya outbreak in these countries. However, the article did not state whether there had been reported sightings of Ae des mosquitoes in UK (HPA 2007). Table 4. The number of cases was identified by different methods from the 133 imported cases, in the UK. Identification of the imported cases Number of cases Laboratory confirmed case 45 Probable case 30 Suspected case 35 Past exposure 23 France The Pitià ©-Salpà ªtrià ¨re Hospital in Paris, France, reported 80 cases of Chikungunya infection imported by tourists who recently visited the Southwest Indian Ocean region, between March 2005 and August 2006. The majority of cases (52) were imported from La Reunion (Hochedez et al. 2007), a popular destination site for French tourists (HPA 2006). Other destination sites reported were; Mauritius with 18, Comoros with 4, Madagascar with 3, and Mayotte with 2 cases (Hochedez et al. 2007). Within the same period, Metropolitan France reported 766 imported cases, which correlated with the two waves of the La Reunion outbreak (Figure 3). At the peak of the first La Reunion outbreak, an average of 20 cases was imported to France monthly. However, between August and November 2005, during the Southern Hemisphere winter, the cases decreased (Krastinova et al. 2006). A month after the peak of the second outbreak, the number of imported cases drastically increased. It can be argued that Fran ce is at risk of future outbreaks, in view that some of its inhabitants are constantly visiting the Southwest Indian Ocean regions (Hochedez et al. 2007), mainly La Reunion and also due to the inhabitation of Aedes albopictus (Krastinova et al. 2006). Figure 3: Correlation between imported cases of Chikunugunya in metropolitan France to the estimated number of cases in the La Reunion outbreak (Krastinova et al. 2006). Italy Chikungunya was apparently imported into Italy by a male tourist coming from the Kerala province in India, who developed febrile illness two days into his holiday. The region he visited was Castiglonia di Cervia in June 2007. This was recorded by Ravenna provinces local health unit in the Emilia Romagna region, northeastern Italy where 205 people developed CHIKV infection (Rezza et al. 2007). The vector, Aedes albopictus, was implicated in the spread of the virus which was then imported from Castiglione di Cervia into Castiglione de Revenna two villages separated by a river. Mosquito control measures implemented in the area resulted in a reduction in chikungunya infection. However, the control measure was not implemented in other villages and therefore a new wave occurred. The virus isolated from the outbreak contained the same mutational change (Ala226Val) in the membrane fusion E1 glycoprotein as the Indian Ocean variant, thereby suggesting that the Kerala strain could have origina ted from the Indian Ocean outbreak (Rezza et al. 2007). Other European Countries Tourism has been one of the main methods of CHIKV distributions worldwide, including its importation into several European countries. In 2006, the Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany examined 720 samples from 680 European patients who became symptomatic upon return to Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, and Poland from several destinations (Table 2) (Panning et al. 2008). The majority of patients had recently visited countries in the Indian Oceans; Mauritius, the Seychelles, La Reunion and Madagascar, and other countries; Bali, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Kenya and Thailand. Moreover, most of these countries have been implicated in recent CHIKV outbreaks. No outbreaks were reported in these European countries; however, future outbreaks can be hypothesised (Panning et al. 2008). Table 5. The country of origin and the holiday destinations of patients presented at the Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany. Exact destinations were only available for 27.8% of patients, and exact itinerary were not available (Panning et al. 2008). Country of origin Number of patients Germany 515 Belgium 99 Switzerland 42 Denmark 22 Poland 2 Total Nos. of patients 680 Holiday Destinations (Regions with Chikungunya Epidemic) Number of patients Mauritius 92 The Seychelles 23 La Reunion 18 Madagascar 9 Bali 2 Indonesia 6 Sri Lanka 5 India 28 Malaysia 2 Kenya 1 Thailand 3 Concurrence with Dengue Fever and Malaria In 2006 and 2007, Madagascar and Gabon reported co-infections between Chikungunya and DENV-1 or DENV-2 respectively (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008, Leroy et al. 2009). Contrary to CHIKV, dengue virus (DENV) is of Flavirivirus genus from Flaviridae family; consisting of four antigenically distinct but closely related serotypes (DENV1-4). It is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, also CHIKV transmission vectors (Cook and Zumla 2009). DENV and CHIKV have similar clinical features (Yoosuf et al. 2008). However, the only difference is that CHIKV has arthalgia (). The extended incubation period of DENV (5-8 days) differentiated it from CHIKV (2-7 days); however, the difference is insignificant (Cook and Zumla 2009). Thus, serological diagnosis can be used to differentiate DENV to CHIKV (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008). Ratsitorahina et al. (2008) and Leroy et al. (2009) confirmed Aedes albopictus as the predominating transmission vector of both CHIKV and DENV1 or 2. However, neither study stated whether the vector could simultaneously harbour both viruses. Moreover, the study by Vazeille et al. (2008) demonstrated that Aedes aegypti has a higher susceptibility to DENV-2 virus and a lower susceptibility to CHIKV; whereas Aedes albopictus is a more efficient vector for CHIKV than DENV-2 (Vazeille et al. 2008 and Moutailler et al. 2009). Leroy et al. (2009) further demonstrated this theory in the Gabon outbreak, as the majority of the patients had CHIKV compared to DENV-2. In May 1999 and February 2000, the Matete and Kingabwa quarters of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) reported two Chikungunya outbreaks. CHIKV was the main contributing factor in the first outbreak; however, during the second outbreak, evidence confirmed possibility of co-infections between CHIKV and Plasmodium falciparum (Pastorino et al. 2004). Malaria is a parasitic infection, of the Apicomlexa phylum, that mainly infects hosts red blood cells. It is transmitted by Anopheles species, whereas CHIKV is mainly transmitted by Aedes species. Plasmodium falciparum is one of the four species of Human Malaria (including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale). However, Plasmodium falciparum is the most severe form of Malaria (Cook and Zumla 2009). Pastorino et al. (2004) hypothesised that co-infections could be due to long term latency of Plasmodium falciparum, the presence of both transmission vectors in the area or the pathogens sharing the same vec tors. An experimental investigation by Yadav et al. (2003 as cited by Pastorino et al. 2004) demonstrated that urban Anopheles stephensi (Plasmodium falciparum vector) could transmit CHIKV. Lack of Research We are still in the preliminary stages of understanding the interaction between CHIKV and host immunity (Kam et al. 2009), despite increasing number of reported outbreaks, there are insufficient evidences of up-to-date quality research (Panning et al. 2008). Therefore, outbreaks should be utilised to implement entomological and epidemiological system in improving our poor knowledge of the virus (Pialoux et al. 2007). Chretien and Linthicum (2007) argued that the Italian outbreak should provide opportunities for developed countries to strengthen the public-health system of developing countries in order to reduce the worldwide spread of outbreaks. These can be done by implementing Entomological and Virological surveillance in Aedes albopictus infested areas (Charell et al. 2008). Renault et al. (2007) utilised Deltamethrin insecticides to eradicate adult mosquitoes, whereas Rezza et al. (2007) utilised synergised pyrethrins. Furthermore, both authors utilised the biological larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, to destroy breeding sites (Renault et al. 2007, Rezza et al. 2007); however, Renault et al. (2007) later utilised Fenitrothion and temephos. Other control measures include educating the community on personal protection (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008). Although, no commercial vaccine has been approved, several candidates have been tested including the Formalin inactivated CHIKV vaccine for the Indian strain, DRDE-06, ECSA genotype (Tiwari et al. 2009). Therefore, the author believes that future outbreaks can be avoided if more research on CHIKV is undertaken, and a worldwide surveillance system is implemented. Conclusion This review has demonstrated that tourism is one of the main methods of CHIKV distributions worldwide, as it was the reason of several outbreaks. CHIKV was transported throughout the Southwestern Indian Ocean islands by viraemic tourists visiting different islands (Figure 2) and Kerala, India, which was then imported into Italy (Renault et al. 2007, Rezza et al. 2007, Sissoko et al. 2008, Yoosuf et al. 2008). However, outbreaks require temperatures above 20oC and annual rainfall over 500mm to maintain Aedes mosquitoes populations (Straetemans 2008, Tilson et al. 2009). Therefore, England is one of the least at risk country, as Aedes albopictus is not present, and the temperature is unfavourable to maintain mosquitoes life cycle (HPA 2007, Met Office 2010). Countries such as France and Italy are at high risk, due to the presence of Aedes albopictus and the introduction of CHIKV; although, Italy is the most at risk due to a recent outbreak (Krastinova et al. 2006, Rezza et al. 2007). T he eminent climatic changes could result in rising temperatures and increased rainfall that would favour the establishment of Aedes albopictus worldwide. All these emphasises the need for Western medicine to plan for future CHIKV outbreaks, by implementing a worldwide surveillance system in order to monitor outbreaks and to perform vector control measures (Charell et al. 2008). Chikungunya have concurrence with Malaria and Dengue Fever (Leroy et al. 2009, Ratsitorahina et al. 2008); furthermore, evidence suggests wrong classification of Chikungunya due to its resemblance to Dengue fever. CHIKV is constantly mutating, thus constant development of a new vaccine is required (Tiwari et al. 2009). Thereby, further researches are needed.

Sylvia Plaths Lady Lazarus and Stings Essay -- Lady Lazarus Essays

Lady Lazarus and Stings Sylvia Plath's works are known for their extremes. Much of the influence of her poems came from the males in her life that had the most effect on her; her father, Otto Plath and Ted Hughes, who she married and later it fell apart when Ted began having an affair. The effects of these men on her were mostly negative, making her poems to have loathing and suffering. Otto Plath published a book about bees early in Sylvia's life, and he kept bees, which was an n activity later carried on by his daughter. Sylvia wrote a poem about bees called "Stings." Otto had a form of diabetes, and he refused any kind of medical treatment, therefor leading to his death. Sylvia followed his example and it is shown in "Tulips" and "Daddy". The fact that she devoted an entire poem to her father, and the hurt and pain that was caused by him, shows how intensely she felt about him. "Her father's death left her not only with a hoard of unresolved grief, but it also left her defenseless against her mother's unintended vampirish harm. She... Sylvia Plath's Lady Lazarus and Stings Essay -- Lady Lazarus Essays Lady Lazarus and Stings Sylvia Plath's works are known for their extremes. Much of the influence of her poems came from the males in her life that had the most effect on her; her father, Otto Plath and Ted Hughes, who she married and later it fell apart when Ted began having an affair. The effects of these men on her were mostly negative, making her poems to have loathing and suffering. Otto Plath published a book about bees early in Sylvia's life, and he kept bees, which was an n activity later carried on by his daughter. Sylvia wrote a poem about bees called "Stings." Otto had a form of diabetes, and he refused any kind of medical treatment, therefor leading to his death. Sylvia followed his example and it is shown in "Tulips" and "Daddy". The fact that she devoted an entire poem to her father, and the hurt and pain that was caused by him, shows how intensely she felt about him. "Her father's death left her not only with a hoard of unresolved grief, but it also left her defenseless against her mother's unintended vampirish harm. She...

Lady Macbeth Is Responsible for the Fall of Macbeth

Lady Macbeth is responsible for the fall of her husband It can be said that Lady Macbeth is responsible for the fall of Macbeth. I believe that she was partly responsible for this. I believe that two sets of people are responsible for the fall of Macbeth.. Secondly I believe that Lady Macbeth is responsible for his fall. She urges him to kill Duncan questioning his manly-hood and saying that he was too kind. Finally I believe that the witches played a huge part in the fall of Macbeth. The witches put the thought of being king into Macbeth’s head in the first place.They also convinced him that he was invincible and this caused his ultimate death. I believe that Lady Macbeth is partly responsible for the fall of Macbeth. She plans and forces Macbeth to murder starting the chain reaction to his downfall. When Lady Macbeth read the letter that Macbeth sent her about his encounter with the witches she immediately starts planning Duncan’s murder. â€Å"The raven himself is h oarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan Under my battlements† Lady Macbeth plans the whole murder and if Duncan had not looked like her father she would have done it herself. Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done’t† She forces Macbeth to carry out the murder even though he expresses that he doesnt want to do it. â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business:† â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition ,which o’erlaps itself And falls on the other† Lady Macbeth accuses Macbeth of not loving her and questions his manly-hood in order to manipulate him into murdering Duncan. â€Å"When you durst do it then you were a man, And to be a more to be that what you were, you would e so much more the man† Lady Macbeth uses Macbeth’s lack of confidence to win him over and force him to finish the murder. â€Å"Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valour As thou a rt in desire? † She thinks he is too â€Å"full of the milk of kindness† to fulfil the deed. This forced Lady Macbeth to convince him and manipulate him into killing Duncan. We see Lady Macbeth transform throughout the play. At the start of the play she may have been the catalyst to Macbeth rise and fall from power but by the end of the play she didn’t feature.She lost control of her mind from the guilt was suffering. Once Macbeth was king the relationship between the two disintegrated and they no longer confided in one another. Macbeth showed his true colours when he ordered for all the Macduff family to be killed, children and all. Lady Macbeth had nothing to do with this and therefore cannot be blamed entirely for Macbeth’s fall and ultimate death. Secondly, I believe that Macbeth was in some ways responsible for his own downfall. He was ambitious and strived to be the king.Once he became King he strived to stay King and became very suspicious and paran oid of all people in his country. Finally, the witches are partly responsible for Macbeth’s downfall. They meet Macbeth and Banquo on the way home from battle and they meet three witches. The witches tell Macbeth that he will become Thane of Cawdor and eventually King of Scotland. â€Å"All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee Thane of Glamis† â€Å"All Hail Macbeth! Hail to thee Thane of Cawdor† â€Å"All Hail Macbeth! Thou shalt be king hereafter.! †At first Macbeth doesn’t believe them but when he becomes Thane of Cawdor things start to make sense to him. After this he starts getting murderous thought and the fall of Macbeth begins. Macbeth is ambitious and his personality changes when he believes he can be king. He loses all his nobility and honour. â€Å"Glamis and Thane of Cawdor! The greatest is behind! † The witches also play another role in the fall and ultimate death of Macbeth. Macbeth goes to the witches a second time to find out his futur e. They tell him the future in the form of three apparitions.They tell him that he must beware of Macduff, he cannot be killed by man born of woman and he will die when the Great Birnam Woods come to Dunsinane. â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! beware Macduff; Beware the thane of Fife. † â€Å"Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth. † â€Å"Be lion-melted, proud; and take no care Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are: Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him. †He believes every word of the witches to be gospel and this cause his ultimate death. He is convinced that he cannot die that he is invincible. When Macduff confronts Macbeth he tells him of their prophecy. As a result of the prophecy Macbeth believes he is invincible and this allows Macduff and his troops to get very close to Macbeth and this causes his death at the end of the play. â€Å"I bear a charmed life, which must not yield To one born of woman† The witches manipulated Macbeth into thinking he could fulfil the prophecy and become King of Scotland

I Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

The Philippines. The Pearl of the Orient Seas, a country full of wonderful places, places being visited of tourists from different countries. A great country with great people called Filipinos. Filipinos, people with such nice traits. Tan, the color of their skin, the color that makes many foreigners envy them. They have rich black hair that flows naturally. Twinkling eyes some have black ones, some have hazel brown. They have such lovable characteristics. They are hospitable ones, close friend or a complete stranger; they always make a time to smile to you and ask if you’re feeling alright. Cheerful, they are, and talented too! Reciting poems expressing the appropriate feelings, singing to the top of their lungs, dancing so gracefully that you want to join them. They are hard-working, industrious they are. They are also religious of course, they surrender all to God. There are lots of traits of the Filipinos that are to be proud of. And I am one of them, one of the â€Å"They†. I am a Filipino, a proud one. And you, I suppose, are one too. I just can’t think why we, Filipinos are not proud of our nationality, our country. Why we, choose other products than ours, because in our mind things made locally are ‘CHEAP’ which is totally not true, we are makers of world class items. We should be proud of our country. Don’t you know that we, Filipinos, are admired by people around the world? They love the Philippines AND the Filipinos. There is nothing, absolutely nothing to be ashamed of being a Filipino. Neither our physical traits, nor our characteristics should be ashamed of. So, how do we show our love to our country? Easy. Simply choose our own products instead of the imported ones. This will also help our country arise in terms of economy. Learn about our country, this will also help you love our country more. We shouldn’t be ashamed of our beloved country.